Using Newspapers in the ESL Literacy Classroom. ERIC Digest. ERIC Identifier: ED3. Publication Date: 1. Author: Chandler, Carolyn Ebel. Source: Adjunct ERIC Clearinghouse on Literacy Education for. Limited- English- Proficient Adults Washington DC. Newspapers can be very inexpensive and compelling . For the newly arrived refugee or immigrant, the newspaper. The newspaper can assist newcomers in finding a. In the past. creative teachers developed their own lessons around the newspaper; however. English. In. this way, beginning level students missed out on a natural source of meaningful. For beginning. students, the large- print headlines, recognizable symbols and numbers.
Use the Newspaper As a Teaching Tool. But the newspaper can be a great learning tool. Sharing the newspaper (either in print or online). Discover new ways to use the newspaper in. A Teacher's Guide to Using Newspapers to Enhance Language Arts Skills. When your child needs additional teaching. Extra tools & resources; Teachers. ESL Weblog; Speaking Out; Home > Articles > Teaching English > How to teach and use the. This is much more difficult with a. At an intermediate level, the newspaper provides exposure. Advanced students can. Many practitioners (Chavira, 1. Hess, 1. 98. 7. Salas- Isnardi, n. Toben, 1. 98. 7) have compiled detailed and level- appropriate. Cut photo captions from photographs and have students match. Students may report their findings by writing a paragraph. These efforts, some developed by newspaper publishers. A Source Guide for Adults Learning. English as a Second Language. Each section of the. It, too, is designed. Some newspapers offer workplace literacy classes. The Los Angeles. Herald Examiner runs special classes to teach literacy skills to its language- minority. The Providence Journal in Providence, RI. General. Equivalency Diploma (GED), releasing them for one hour twice a week to. To attract readers in Spanish- speaking. El Nuevo Herald is provided free with a subscription to the Miami. Herald. Additionally, this group sponsors a . In Brownsville, TX, a class meets twice. The Rio Grande Valley Group Newspapers also. Students participate in a writing. The Gannett Foundation, Knight. Chicago Tribune Charities have funded state and community literacy. Newspaper membership associations, such as the American Newspaper. Publishers Association Foundation (ANPA), the Southern Newspaper Publishers. Association (SNPA), the American Society of Newspaper Editors(ASNE), and. International Circulation Managers Association (ICMA) encourage their. Newspapers in Education. NIE), a cooperative effort between newspapers and local schools, has existed. The International Circulation. Managers Association has recommended that every newspaper make available. Local newspapers. Project. Literacy U. S. Box 2. 05. 00, El Paso, TX. Educational Testing Service (ETS). Newspapers in the English classroom: Stressing sociolinguistic. Using the newspaper in the classroom: A check list. A source guide for adults learning English as a second language. ED 2. 56 8. 45). FOR FURTHER READING American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA) Foundation. ED 3. 00 8. 35). American Newspaper Publishers Association (ANPA) Foundation. ED 2. 36 6. 90). Ebel Chandler, C. Newspapers are major promoters of literacy. Newspaper in Education reaches out to minorities. EJ 2. 58 0. 99). Patrie, J. Comprehensible text: The daily newspaper at the beginning. EJ 3. 69 0. 22). *Citations with an asterisk are currently being incorporated into the. ERIC database by the National Clearinghouse on Literacy Education. Citations. with an ED number may be obtained from the ERIC Document Reproduction Service. EDRS), 3. 90. 0 Wheeler Avenue, Alexandria, VA 2.
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FDA and Clinical Drug Trials: A Short History. Suzanne White Junod, Ph. D. 1. The function of the controlled clinical trial is not the . Discoveries are made in the animal laboratory, by chance observation, or at the bedside by an acute clinician. The function of the formal controlled clinical trial is to separate the relative handful of discoveries which prove to be true advances in therapy from a legion of false leads and unverifiable clinical impressions, and to delineate in a scientific way the extent of and the limitations which attend the effectiveness of drugs. William Thomas Beaver 2. Overview. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration has evolved as one of the world's foremost institutional authorities for conducting and evaluating controlled clinical drug trials. Ancient civilizations relied on medical observation to identify herbs, drugs and therapies that worked, and those that did not. ISIS Report 23/05/06 Post Mortem on the TGN1412 Disaster. Peter Saunders raises a number of key questions on the way the drug trial was conducted.Beginning in the early twentieth century, therapeutic reformers in the United States and in other places began to develop the concept of the . This concept, included, for example, laboratory analysis followed by clinical study. As medical historians have pointed out, however, these early reformers' therapeutic vision often far exceeded their clinical and experimental grasp. In 1. 93. 8, a newly enacted U. FDA and Clinical Drug Trials: A Short History: article by Suzanne White Junod, Ph.D. Six men remain in intensive care after being taken ill during a clinical drugs trial in north-west London. The healthy volunteers were testing an anti-inflammatory. S. Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act subjected new drugs to pre- market safety evaluation for the first time. This required FDA regulators to review both pre- clinical and clinical test results for new drugs. Although the law did not specify the kinds of tests that were required for approval, the new authority allowed drug officials to block the marketing of a new drug formally or delay it by requiring additional data. The act also gave regulators limited powers of negotiation over scientific study and approval requirements with the pharmaceutical industry and the medical profession. A worldwide drug disaster in 1. Drug Amendments, which explicitly stated that the FDA would rely on scientific testing and that new drug approvals would be based not only upon proof of safety, but also on . Increasingly, responsibility for testing standards previously established as voluntary by the American Medical Association's (AMA) Council on Drugs, the U. S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary were taken up by the FDA. Since 1. 96. 2, FDA has overseen substantial refinements to the broad legal requirement that post- 1. Medical Observation As Precursor to Clinical Trials. Clinical trials are prospective, organized, systematic exposures of patients to an intervention of some kind (drug, surgical procedure, dietary change). The earliest recorded therapeutic investigations, however, lacked the rigor of a modern clinical trial. Based largely on observations and tested through time by trial and error, ancient medicine such as that practiced by the Egyptians, Babylonians, and Hebrews was closely allied with religion. Nonetheless, some of these early medical investigations did yield some important successes in fields such as minor surgery and orthopedics. The Hebrews, in particular, excelled in public hygiene, but even their public health strictures, so effective in preventing epidemic disease, were observational and experiential rather than experimental. The Babylonians reportedly exhibited their sick in a public place so that onlookers could freely offer their therapeutic advice based on previous and personal experience. The first mention of a paid experimental subject came from Diarist Samuel Pepys who documented an experiment involving a paid subject in a diary entry for November 2. He noted that the local college had hired a . British naval surgeon James Lind (1. Twelve men with similar cases of scurvy ate a common diet and slept together. Six pairs, however, were given different . Two were given a quart of cider daily; two an . One man who received the oranges and lemons recovered within six days, while the other recovered sufficiently that he . Nonetheless, the British Navy did not supply citrus to its ships until 1. Although simple observation may provide a starting point for medical study, however, experience has shown that it is rarely efficient at advancing medical knowledge. As one early proponent of planned experimentation in the form of clinical trials remarked, . Although clinical trials are not the only way to find things out, the clinical trial is unique. Certainly clinical trials in this country have evolved in pursuit of a larger therapeutic goal - - to see that the physicians use the best possible therapies available. It is interesting to note that in the late 1. U. S. In their quest to protect animals, they viewed both animals and human beings as equally vulnerable, and feared that the replacement of the family physician by a . It was the antivivisectionist and playwright George Bernard Shaw, in fact, who first used the term . In 1. 88. 0, patent medicines – a misnomer because nothing but the label and the bottle were actually patented or trademarked – constituted 2. By 1. 90. 0, however, they represented 7. It was popular to blame both the gullible physician and the ignorant laymen for being equally taken in by the advertising excesses of the era. The American Medical Association (AMA) began to push for federal evaluation of new medical products hoping to make a dent in the patent medicine industry, but it was unsuccessful. In 1. 90. 5, the AMA formed its own Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry which levied a fee on manufacturers to evaluate their drugs for quality (ingredient testing) and safety. Drugs accepted by the Council could carry the AMA's Seal of Acceptance and only products with the seal had access to the advertising pages of the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). The AMA's Chemical Laboratory tested commercial statements about the composition and purity of drugs in their labs, while the Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry followed up with safety evaluations and rudimentary efficacy evaluations designed to eliminate exaggerated or misleading therapeutic claims. Although the Council eagerly sought evidence that drugs had an effect on the cause or course of a disease, the Seal was awarded to drugs that merely provided symptomatic relief. Although the Council would have liked to rely upon clinical studies to supplement laboratory studies submitted by drug manufacturers, they lacked the necessary funding to support such studies and the AMA did not authorize the Council to require them. Instead of relying on the anecdotal information provided by private practitioners, however, the Council relied heavily on the opinions and recommendations of Council members who were well- respected medical specialists and scientists, a progressive practice for the era. Once their evaluations became a regular feature in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) the Council began to make inroads against the commercialism that physicians had felt were . The AMA's drug certification program remained in place until 1. Clinical Trials and the 1. Pure Food and Drugs Act. While the AMA Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry held out a carrot of certification to ethical drug products that met their standards, the first federal food and drug statute, the 1. Pure Food and Drugs Act, wielded little in the way of a stick. The AMA had been unsuccessful in getting any kind of drug review in the new law and the statute merely provided a legal definition for the terms . The law did empower the Bureau of Chemistry (forerunner of the U. S. Food and Drug Administration) to seize adulterated and misbranded products that moved in interstate commerce, but it simply adopted the drug standards as published in the U. S. Pharmacopeia and the National Formulary. The law also prohibited . In the case of drugs, the law listed eleven so- called . This listing requirement alone inspired many manufacturers to abandon use of many dangerous ingredients following passage of the 1. Act. But efforts to prohibit false therapeutic claims on drug labels were defeated both by the Supreme Court and the U. S. Congress. During the 1. Therapeutic experimentation, however, did not begin to gain a true foothold in modern medicine until the U. S. As late as 1. 93. In a landmark state Supreme Court decision in 1. Michigan seemed to recognize and authorize controlled clinical investigations as a part of medical practice without subjecting the researcher to strict liability (without fault) for any injury so long as the patient consented to the experiment and it did not . In particular, the Michigan Supreme Court accepted that experimentation was necessary not just to treat the individual, but also to help medicine progress. Breakthrough drugs such as the first sulfa drug, sulfanilamide, new drugs including amphetamines and barbiturates, and biologics such as insulin were coming onto the market and beginning to transform medicine entirely. Clinical trials and human experimentation were becoming increasingly more important in medical research. Moreover, turn- of- the- century patent medicines with inert ingredients and quirky but quaint labels were becoming a true public health danger when patients relied on them rather than seeking out effective new therapies. The case of Banbar, in particular, convinced regulators early in the 1. Soon after the 1. Act had been enacted, a dispute arose over the meaning and enforcement of the drug labeling provisions of the law. The Supreme Court ruled in U. S. Johnson in 1. 91. Dr. Johnson's Cure for Cancer – it just prohibited . In 1. 91. 2, Congress quickly enacted the Sherley Amendment, a compromise that merely prohibited false therapeutic claims . Proving that a proprietor knew that his drug was worthless in order to demonstrate fraud under the statute, however, could be a daunting task. To cite a single example: an old patent medicine maker created a . Its active ingredients included milk sugar and equisetum (horsetail). Northwick Park drug trial disaster - could it happen again? Before any new medicine can be given to patients, detailed information about how it works and how safe it is must be collected. Clinical trials are the key to getting that data - and without volunteers to take part in the trials, there would be no new treatments for serious diseases such as cancer, multiple sclerosis and arthritis. But one disastrous drug trial at a London hospital in 2. In what became known as the Elephant Man trial, six healthy young men were treated for organ failure after experiencing a serious reaction within hours of taking the drug TGN1. After they were all admitted to intensive care, two became critically ill, the worst affected lost his fingers and toes, and all the men were subsequently told they would be likely to develop cancers or auto- immune diseases as a result of their exposure to the drug. In follow- up interviews, the men described feeling like their brains were . Experts queued up to say the outcome of the trial had been unprecedented and exceptional, but could it happen again? Prof David Webb, professor of therapeutics and clinical pharmacology at the University of Edinburgh and vice president of the British Pharmacological Society, says it is . Then there are four stages of drug testing in humans. Phase I - studies, on a small number of healthy volunteers, to understand what effects a new medicine has on human subjects - what happens to the compound in the body from the time it is swallowed or injected until it is excreted. Study participants are monitored for side effects. Phase II - designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a drug in patients who are at the same stage of a specific disease or condition. They are given various doses of a compound and closely monitored. Phase III - used to confirm a new drug's safety and efficacy, while working out the best dosage regimen. Studies are carried out in large numbers of patients with a specific disease or condition. Safety and efficacy is compared to the currently accepted standard treatment. Phase IV - these studies take place after the drug has been approved for marketing. They evaluate the long- term effects of the drug in larger numbers of patients, sub- populations of patients. Less common adverse events may be detected. MHRAThis is particularly important when trials involve drugs that affect the immune system, he says. But is it possible to eliminate the risks entirely? We can never be sure. This is the initial phase in assessing the safety of a drug before moving onto larger- scales studies in patients themselves. The report said Parexel, the company managing the trial, had been unclear about a safe dose to start testing on humans and it should have tested the drug on one person at a time. The MHRA, which regulates clinical trials and medicines in the UK, and which was criticised at the time for giving the green light to the TGN1. It adds that it has simplified and streamlined the regulation of clinical trials and collaborated with other bodies and experts to collect as much information as possible on risk factors before a trial is authorised. Phase- one trials, when drugs are tested on humans for the first time, only happen after extensive testing on tissue samples and animals in the lab. Getting this stage right before moving onto research in humans is crucial. Dr Catherine Elliott, director of clinical research interests at the Medical Research Council, which funds clinical trials in the UK and globally, says there is a move to refine the models used at the pre- clinical stage. We'd get the payback eventually because by the time we're in our 6. It shouldn't be related to risk. People have to be able to give free consent. 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At any time during the trial period (or even after the trial has expired), you can open any of the Microsoft Office System products, click the File Tab, then click Help. Next to the trial product name is a button labeled either “Licensing. Operations” or “Purchase Product”. Clicking “Licensing Operations” pulls down a menu with an option to . Next to the trial product name is a button labeled either “Licensing Operations” or “Purchase Product”. Clicking “Licensing Operations” pulls down a menu with an option. For example, if the trial software is 2. Microsoft Office Home and Student. English, the full product version should be 2. Microsoft Office Home and Student English as well. If the full product version is a different language version, you will have to uninstall the trial and manually install the full product version. STEP 2: CONVERT YOUR TRIAL THROUGH SET- UP WIZARD OR OFFICE ANYTIME UPGRADEFrom Option 1 or Option 2 above, the Set- Up Wizard or Office Anytime Upgrade will guide you through the process of converting from the trial to your full Microsoft Office. The user experience – Office Anytime Upgrade or Set- up Wizard– will be launched based. In the Setup dialog box, click Enter Product Key if you have purchased a full product key from a retailer or click Buy Online Key if you do not have a full product key and would like to purchase it online. STEP 3: ENTER THE PRODUCT KEYEnter the product key shown on the packaging of the full product obtained at a retail store, or the Product Key that you obtained online. In some instances, the Product Key may already appear as a result of Product Key auto- injection. Click Continue. STEP 4: ACCEPT MICROSOFT SOFTWARE LICENSE TERMS TO INSTALLYou will then see the Microsoft Software License Terms (MSLT). Accept this agreement to use the software by selecting . Another message will open once the software has been set up successfully. STEP 5: ACTIVATE PRODUCT IF PROMPTEDAfter launching the full product for the first time, you may be prompted to activate it. Unlike the trial activation, during activation of the full product, you will have the option to activate the software either over the Internet or by telephone. Once that is done, the trial is converted to perpetual use with no uninstall or reinstall necessary. Pista Piste Safety Park Vadena Alto Adige Trial Italy Ischia Frizzi 3, I - 3. Vadena (BZ) Video Foto Commenti Fotos Kommentar. Lunghezza circuito in metri. Trial Challenge statt. Wie bereits vor 3 Wochen ist deswegen das Trial . Die Motocross Strecke ist aber wie gehabt ganz normal ge. Leider ist letzte Woche der Pr. La pista di motocross, invece, . Purtroppo, il presidente del MCNeumarkt Kuno Bonatti, la settimana scorsa . Eine sehr technische Strecke mit verschiedenen Schwierigkeitsstufen, welche von Ugo Alberti und Gianni Tabarelli de Fatis gesteckt und mit verschiedenen Farben gekennzeichnet wurden. Die Veranstaltung wurde vom Moto Club . Insgesamt 5. 0 Fahrer am Start, aus dem Trentino- S. Die Gewinner Weiss Kategorie Reigl Nicolo. Percorso con zone tecniche, tracciate da Ugo Alberti e Gianni Tabarelli de Fatis, divise a seconda delle difficolt. La kermesse realizzata grazie all'impegno del Motoclub Egna- Neumarkt in collaborazione con il Comitato FMI Bolzano- Bozen ha visto impegnati gli atleti sotto la giuda del Presidente Kuno Bonatti, del suo vice Dietmar Eisenstecken, e i giudici attenti alle varie zone. Trentino Alto Adige, ma dal Veneto, dalla Lombardia e dall'Emilia R., nonch. Pomeriggio chiuso. Per non spedirvi ulteriori News, vi comunico altri due avvisi importanti. Trial wenig benutzt, Kupplung/ Bremsen erst erneuert. Verkauf wegen umstieg auf Motocross. Harley-Davidson Bozen. 4,7 su 5 stelle 32 recensioni. Motorradstrecken.eu - Die besten Motorradstrecken und Hotels in der EU und dem Rest der Welt! Egal ob Motocross- Supermoto- Superportlerrennstrecke, Trialstrecken. Sabato 6 luglio la pista trial/enduro sar. La pista motocross rimane per. Sabato 1. 3 luglio la pista motocross/trial/enduro rimarr. Juli 2. 01. 3 beginnen wir wieder mit den Sommer. Nachmittag geschlossen! Um euch nicht noch mit einer weiteren Newsletter zu bombardieren, m. Safety Park Bozen Trial By Jury
Juli ist das Trial/Enduro Gel. Die Motocross Strecke ist aber ganz normal ge. Juli ist dann die Motocross Strecke, sowie das Trial/Enduro Gel. Grati della vostra comprensione. Liebe Trial und Enduro Freunde am Samstag den 2. Juni 2. 01. 3 wird der Trial / Enduro Park bereits um 1. Strecke f. April 2. Safety Park in Pfatten der zweite Termin des Trial S. Mehr Informationen im angeh. Il Safety Park accoglier. Safety Park Bozen Trial BikeLo scorso 1. 7 febbraio sono stati ben 5. Juniores del Triveneto . Ulteriori informazioni nel documento allegato da scaricare. Il Safety Park accoglier. Il tracciato della manifestazione previsto dagli organizzatori sar. Le ulteriori due date previste sono - domenica 2. La manifestazione inizier. Le zone, ne sono state allestite quindici, sono suddivise in percorsi difficile, medio e facile e la perfetta tracciatura adatta ai vari livelli di partecipazione garantiscono grande spettacolo e la possibilit. In concomitanza al Safety Park . Quindi domenica 1. Ulteriori informazioni sul sito www. Februar 2. 01. 3 startet das erste gro. Februar 2. 01. 3 im Off Road Gel. Organisiert von der Federazione Moto Italiana (FMI) Comitato Provinciale von Bozen in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Moto Club Neumarkt werden Athleten aus der ganzen Region und nicht nur, sich den Herausforderungen des erneuten Trial Gel. Ein Tag, wo man den Trial Sport auf hohem Niveau bewundern kann. Der Safety Park wird der Ausf. Der festgelegte Parcours wurde von den Organisatoren im Off Road Gel. Die weiteren Termine dieses Jahr f. April 2. 01. 3- Sonntag den 0. Das Trial Event wird um 1. Uhr beginnen und ca. Die 1. 5 neuen Zonen wurden in schwierigen, mittleren und einfachen Parcours aufgeteilt und die ausgezeichnete Signalisierung erm. Am selben Tag wird im Safety Park auch das Treffen der Juniores vom Triveneto stattfinden. Ein besonderer Tag somit im Safety Park - zu genie. Trial gasgas 2. 80, Bozen - Motorr. Suche Vespa mit Targa und.. Verkaufe Harley Davidson Electa Glide.. Verkaufe Aprilia Street 5. Suche alte Vespa 5. Other important aspects to analize when preparing financial reports are the accounting cycle, closing process, classified balance sheets, reversing entries, business liquidity. MODULE - 2 Trial Balance and Computers Notes 207 Errors and their Rectification ACCOUNTANCY (a) No account of a similar balance has been omitted to be shown in the Trial Balance or (b) A balance amount which is half of the. Can I make a credit/debit card or Internet Banking payment on Flipkart through my mobile? Yes, you can make credit card payments through the Flipkart mobile site and application. Flipkart uses 256-bit encryption technology to. Does a Sales Discount Go on an Unadjusted Trial Balance? The process to enter an inventory purchase is the same whether your business uses a manual or computerized accounting system. Hemera Technologies/Photos. Getty Images. The unadjusted trial balance for a company plays an important role in basic accounting entries. This balance is usually reflected on a worksheet that includes all of the entries that aren't accounted for on a regular balance sheet. Although this worksheet used is an optional financial part of a financial statement, it is often used because it provides a convenient way to account for odds- and- ends entries, such as sales discounts. Definition. Sales discounts are defined as incentives that can be used by a company to entice a customer to make a purchase. The specific revenue generated by sales discounts is often recorded in a separate place from other company transactions. The reason for this is that it allows companies to keep track of the success of the discounts they offer in case they wish to use them for future promotions. The Trial Balance is, as the name suggests, a table where we lay out all our debit accounts and all our credit accounts to see if they balance or not. A trial balance is important because it acts as a summary of all of our. Compound Forms/Forme composte: English: Italiano: account balance n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality, etc. Contents: Definition and explanation; Purpose of preparing a trial balance; Methods of preparing trial balance; Example; Definition and Explanation: Trial balance may be defined as an informal accounting. Before looking at examples of an Income Statement and Balance Sheet, we need to define them, and also review the five account types they report upon. Then we'll study an easy example that clearly explains the makeup of these. Recording. Recording a sales discount in the general journal involves making two separate entries. The general journal is the ledger that accounts for most company transactions. When a discount is applied to the journal, it is recorded first as a debit that increases sales discounts by the amount of the discount itself. This is recorded in conjunction with a cash entry that also increases the debit column, but by the difference between the dollar amount of the discount and the normal sales price. For instance, a 3. At the same time, a separate subtraction is made in accounts receivable by the total amount of of $1. These entries are necessary so that you will know what types of transactions are included in the unadjusted trial balance. Trial Balance. A trial balance is used to determine what adjustments need to be made to the final balance sheet. The unadjusted trial balance worksheet used to calculate an adjusted trial balance contains a beginning and ending balance, along with the adjustments that affect those balances. Although most unadjusted trial balance sheets do not contain an additional closing entry for sales discounts, those used in the service and merchandising industries often do, along with additional entries for such items as sales, returns and allowances, purchases, and freight- in. Without these additional entries, accounting for sales discounts and other similar entries would be confusing, because all of the entries would be lumped together into one category, rather than separate. Inventory Adjustments. Inventory adjustments must also be made as a result of the sale of discounted goods and services. None of these entries can be made without being first accounted for in the undadjusted trial balance. Once accounted for, they are then included as part of the adjusted trial balance and then transferred to the income statement. The total recorded in the income statement becomes the beginning inventory balance on the starting inventory balance. The credit entry used for the inventory balance is used for the calculation of the ending balance summary. About the Author. Jared Lewis is a professor of history, philosophy and the humanities. He has taught various courses in these fields since 2. A former licensed financial adviser, he now works as a writer and has published numerous articles on education and business. He holds a bachelor's degree in history, a master's degree in theology and has completed doctoral work in American history. Photo Credits. Hemera Technologies/Photos.
Federal court strikes down NC congressional district maps : : WRAL. By Matthew Burns. Raleigh, N. C. House until the maps are in place. A special session of the legislature would have to be called to approve new maps, and they might have to pass federal muster again. Mail- in absentee voting started last week, and more than 8,6. State Board of Elections. The three- judge panel ruled that the 1st Congressional District, which spreads like an octopus across northeast North Carolina and has a tentacle that dips into Durham County, and the 1. Congressional District, which snakes along Interstate 8. Greensboro and Charlotte, were drawn specifically so that the majority of voters in each were black. G. K. Butterfield, the Democratic incumbent in the 1st District, is running unopposed until November, but Democratic 1. District Congresswoman Alma Adams faces two primary challengers. Circuit Court of Appeals Judge Roger Gregory wrote for the court. And, that floor could not be compromised. Evidence showed that the partisan claim . District Judge Max Cogburn wrote in a concurring opinion. District Judge District Judge William Osteen Jr. Bob Rucho, R- Mecklenburg, and Rep. David Lewis, R- Harnett, who led the redistricting effort, criticized the timing of the ruling and said the state would appeal. Should this decision be allowed to stand, North Carolina voters will no longer know how or when they will get to cast their primary ballots in the presidential, gubernatorial, congressional and legislative elections. Josh Stein, D- Wake, who is running in the Democratic primary for attorney general, said a similar federal lawsuit is challenging the legislative maps drawn in 2. The North Carolina Supreme Court has twice approved the congressional and legislative maps, ruling against voters and groups such as the NAACP that complained black voters were packed into a select number of districts. William Barber, state president of the NAACP, said the federal court ruling validates the group's argument for the past five years that the voting districts are illegal.. Hears appeals of cases decided by executive branch agencies and federal trial courts in nine western states and two Pacific Island jurisdictions. Descriptions of Therapeutic Courts. Adult Drug Court (1) A specially designed court calendar or docket, the purposes of which are to achieve a reduction in recidivism and substance abuse among nonviolent substance abusing. The Legacy of Rudolf Hess. The Legacy of Rudolf Hess. By Mark Weber. On the evening of May 1. Deputy F. Under cover of darkness, Rudolf Hess took off in an unarmed Messerschmidt 1. Augsburg airfield and headed across the North Sea toward Britain. Nuremberg Trial Judgements: Rudolf Hess. Hess was an informed and willing participant in German aggression against Austria.His plan was to negotiate peace between Germany and Britain. Four hours later, after successfully evading British anti- aircraft fire and a pursuing Spitfire, Hess parachuted, for the first time in his life, and sprained his ankle landing in a Scottish farm field. An astonished farmer found the injured pilot and turned him over to the local Home Guard unit. Rudolf Hess, ambassador of peace, was to remain a prisoner until his death in August 1. For many, the passing of the one- time Deputy F. But his true legacy is something far different. He spent 4. 6 years - - half his life - - behind bars, a victim of a cruel victor's justice. More than any other man, Rudolf Hess symbolizes the vindictiveness and hypocrisy of the Nuremberg Tribunal. In November 1945, in the German city of Nuremberg, the victors of the World War Two began the first international war crimes trial. Nuremberg: Nazis on Trial (2006–) 7.2 / 10. The Mission. Hess was deeply shaken by Britain's declaration of war against Germany in September 1. With Hitler's approval, he began a secret effort a few months later to negotiate a peace agreement between the two . I do not think I could have arrived at my final choice . The British government took the extraordinary step of sealing dozens of Hess documents for release only in the year 2. Sefton Delmer, the wartime head of Britain's propaganda broadcasts to Germany, has speculated that the British government might have had good reasons for the secrecy: . There was a large peace party in Britain, and Churchill probably feared that this party would throw him from his Ministerial seat because he had not agreed to Hess' peace proposals. Victor's Justice. At the end of the war, Hess was taken to Nuremberg to be tried, along with other German leaders, by the United States, Britain, the Soviet Union and France as one of the . Many prominent men in America and Europe pointed out that the process violated two cardinal principles. First, it was a trial of the victors against the vanquished. The former were their own law maker, prosecutor, judge, alleged victim and, in part, accomplice (in the case of the Soviets, in the division of Poland). Find out more about the history of Nuremberg Trials, including videos, interesting articles, pictures, historical features and more. Get all the facts on HISTORY.com. Testimony of Rudolf Hoess, Commandant of Auschwitz . Robert Jackson (archival): 'The wrongs which we seek to condemn and punish have been so calculated, so malignant and so devastating. Second, the charges were invented for the occasion and defined after the fact (. This is a little too sanctimonious a fraud to meet my old- fashioned ideas. Douglas charged that the Allies were guilty of . Law was created ex post facto to suit the passion and clamor of the time. Nikitchenko, who presided at the solemn opening session, had been a judge at the infamous Moscow show trial of Zinoviev and Kamenev in 1. Before the Tribunal convened, Nikitchenko explained the Soviet view of the enterprise: . The whole idea is to secure quick and just punishment for the crime. Besides the Tribunal's dubious legal standing, it held Hess and the other German leaders to a standard to which the Allies were never held. In sharp contrast to his public utterances, the chief US prosecutor at Nuremberg, Robert Jackson, privately acknowledged in a letter to President Truman that the Allies . The French are so violating the Geneva Convention in the treatment of . We are prosecuting plunder and our Allies are practicing it. We say aggressive war is a crime and one of our allies asserts sovereignty over the Baltic States based on no title except conquest. Nothing better points up the essential injustice of the Nuremberg process than the court's treatment of Rudolf Hess. He was in the dock primarily because of his important- sounding but somewhat hollow title of Deputy F. His duties as Hitler's stand- in were almost entirely ceremonial: He delivered the annual Christmas address to the nation, welcomed delegations of ethnic Germans from abroad, appeared at charitable functions, and presented the F. It is this image of the wide- eyed and ecstatic Hess that much of the world remembers best, most of all from a brief clip of him from the Leni Riefenstahl film of the 1. Congress, . In his detailed study, Justice at Nuremberg, which is generally very critical of the German defendants, historian Robert E. It went on to absurdly claim that . This complete devotion to the success of the conspiracy was climaxed by his flight in Scotland in an attempt to end the war with England . The Party's crimes are his. In fact, the Allied case against Hess was weak. It was clearly established at Nuremberg that Hess had not been present at any of the meetings at which Hitler discussed his military plans. These laws allegedly . And even so, the laws were domestic statutes that have had counterparts in numerous other countries, including the United States. Unlike fellow defendant Albert Speer, the wartime armaments minister who did far more than the Deputy F. He expressed no remorse for his loyal support of Hitler and the National Socialist regime. In his final statement to the court on August 3. I had the privilege of working for many years of my life under the greatest son my nation has brought forth in its thousand- year history. Even if I could, I would not wish to expunge this time from my life. I am happy to know that I have done my duty toward my people, my duty as a German, as a National Socialist, as a loyal follower of my F. I regret nothing. No matter what people may do, one day I shall stand before the judgment seat of God Eternal. I will answer to Him, and I know that He will absolve me. When it came time to decide his sentence, the judges were not inclined to deal leniently with such an unrepentant defendant. The Soviet judge and his alternate thought he should be executed. The British and American judges and the American and French alternates voted for life imprisonment, while the French judge suggested a sentence of twenty years. The British alternate abstained. They settled on life imprisonment. Taylor summed up the injustice of the Hess case in a 1. He fell into our hands and was quite unjustly treated as a prisoner of war. After the war, we could have released him. No crime has ever been proven against Hess .. As far as the records show, he was never at even one of the secret discussions at which Hitler explained his war plans. He was of course a leading member of the Nazi Party. But he was no more guilty than any other Nazi or, if you wish, any other German. All the Nazis, all the Germans, were carrying on the war. But they were not all condemned because of this. That Rudolf Hess - - the only one at Nuremberg who had risked his life for peace - - was found guilty of . Regulations stipulated that . He was addressed only as . He was, in the words of Spandau's American Director, Lt. In addition, each of the four Allied powers had to provide an officer and 3. The permanent maintenance staff of 2. In the final years of his life, Hess was a weak and frail old man, blind in one eye, who walked stooped forward with a cane. He lived in virtually total isolation according to a strictly regulated daily routine. During his rare meetings with his wife and son, he was not allowed to embrace or even touch them. Whatever may be the moral guilt of a German who stood near to Hitler, Hess had, in my view, atoned for this by his completely devoted and frantic deed of lunatic benevolence. He came to us of his own free will, and, though without authority, had something of the quality of an envoy. He was a medical and not a criminal case, and should be so regarded. In a 1. 97. 7 interview, Sir Hartley Shawcross, who was Britain's chief prosecutor at Nuremberg, called the continued imprisonment of Hess a . It was, rather, a wrong that went on, day after day, for 4. Rudolf Hess was a prisoner of peace and a victim of a vindictive age. Notes. 1. Ilse Hess, Rudolf Hess: Prisoner of Peace (Torrance, Calif.: IHR, 1. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess (London: W. H. Bird, Prisoner # 7: Rudolf Hess, (New York: Viking Press, 1. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, pp. Ilse Hess, Rudolf Hess: Prisoner of Peace, pp. Hess statement to Sir John Simon, June 1. Quoted in: Ilse Hess, Rudolf Hess: Prisoner of Peace, p. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, pp. Mason, Harlan Fiske Stone: Pillar of the Law (New York: Viking, 1. Douglas, An Almanac of Liberty (1. Bosch, Judgment on Nuremberg (Chapel Hill, NC: Univ. Report of Robert Jackson, United States Representative to the International Conference on Military Trials, London, 1. Washington, DC: US State Dept., 1. Whitney R. Harris, Tyranny on Trial: The Evidence at Nuremberg (Dallas: S. M. U. Jackson letter to Truman, Oct. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg (New York: Harper & Row, 1. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg (New York: Harper & Row, 1. Office of the United States Chief of Counsel for the Prosecution of Axis Criminality, Nazi Conspiracy and Aggression (1. Washington, DC: US Gov't., 1. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg, pp. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, p. Conot, Justice at Nuremberg, p. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, pp. Sunday Express, London, April 2. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, pp. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, pp. Bird, Prisoner # 7: Rudolf Hess, p. Churchill, The Grand Alliance (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1. Interview with Bild am Sonntag, April 1. Hess, My Father Rudolf Hess, p. From The Journal of Historical Review, Jan.- Feb. |
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